Abstract Introduction: In pregnant women, a higher risk for developing viral respiratory infections is identified. Objective: To analyze sociodemographic characteristics, evolution, clinical manifestations, and complications of pregnant women hospitalized with COVID-19. Methods: Study conducted at 11 public hospitals; sociodemographic variables, comorbidities, signs and symptoms, laboratory and imaging findings, pregnancy characteristics, treatment and pregnancy outcome were included for analysis. Results: Age ranged between 15 and 40 years; 85.1% were at third trimester of pregnancy, 11.9% at second and 3% at first; 27% had any comorbidity such as obesity, hypertension or asthma; 89.5% had fever, 73.1% cough, 44.8% dyspnea, 43.3% headache and 35.8% myalgia. Diagnoses were mild disease (55.2%), mild pneumonia (26.9%), severe pneumonia (10.4%), severe pneumonia with acute respiratory distress syndrome (4.5%), and severe pneumonia with septic shock (3%); 76.2% had noninvasive oxygen support, and 9%, mechanical ventilation. Pregnancy was interrupted in 53.8%; 95.5% were discharged due to improvement of their condition and 4.5% died. Conclusions: Age range and symptoms are consistent with those previously reported. Evidence was found of an increase in cesarean section without a clear indication in women with COVID-19.

Resumen Introducción: En las mujeres embarazadas se identifica mayor riesgo de desarrollar infecciones respiratorias virales. Objetivo: Analizar características sociodemográficas, evolución, manifestaciones clínicas y complicaciones en mujeres embarazadas con COVID-19 que fueron hospitalizadas. Métodos: Estudio en 11 hospitales públicos; se incluyeron variables sociodemográficas, comorbilidades, síntomas y signos, hallazgos de laboratorio y gabinete, características del embarazo, tratamiento y desenlace de la gestación. Resultados: La edad osciló entre 15 y 40 años; 85.1 % cursaba el tercer trimestre del embarazo, 11.9 % el segundo y 3 % el primero; 27 % presentó alguna comorbilidad como obesidad, hipertensión o asma; 89.5 % presentó fiebre, 73.1 % tos, 44.8 % disnea, 43.3 % cefalea y 35.8 % mialgias. Los diagnósticos fueron enfermedad leve (55.2 %), neumonía leve (26.9 %), neumonía severa (10.4 %), neumonía severa con síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo (4.5 %) y neumonía severa con choque séptico (3 %); 76.2 % recibió soporte de oxígeno no invasivo y 9 %, ventilación mecánica. Se interrumpió el embarazo en 53.8 %; 95.5 % egresó por mejoría y 4.5 % falleció. Conclusiones: El rango de edad y los síntomas coinciden con los señalados en la literatura especializada. En mujeres con COVID-19 se evidenció el incremento de la operación cesárea sin una indicación clara.

Resumen Introducción: Las alteraciones secundarias a la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC), como inflamación sistémica, anemia y sobrecarga hídrica, son un sustrato importante para el desarrollo de hipertensión arterial pulmonar. Objetivo: Valorar la relación de la presión sistólica de la arteria pulmonar (PSAP) por ecocardiograma con el tiempo y el tipo de terapia de reemplazo renal (TRR) en pacientes con ERC. Método: Estudio observacional, retrospectivo, llevado a cabo en el Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, en el que se analizaron medidas de tendencia central y medidas de dispersión. Para comparar porcentajes se utilizó la prueba de χ2 con el programa estadístico SPSS 25. Resultados: Se incluyeron 141 pacientes con ERC en TRR con diálisis peritoneal o hemodiálisis. Se clasificaron de acuerdo con la PSAP en normal (30 pacientes, 21.28%), leve (43 pacientes, 30.5%), moderada (16 pacientes, 12%) y grave (52 pacientes, 36.88%). El tiempo de TRR está relacionado con una PSAP mayor, con 3.53 años en caso de PSAP normal, 5.51 años en caso de PSAP leve, 6.00 años para la PSAP moderada y 6.38 años para la PSAP grave. La PSAP grave se presentó en 13 de 56 pacientes en diálisis peritoneal y en 39 de 85 en hemodiálisis (p = 0.034). Conclusiones: Se encontró que existe relación entre la PSAP con el tiempo y el tipo de sustitución renal en pacientes con ERC.

Abstract Introduction: The disorders secondary to chronic kidney disease (CKD), such as systemic inflammation, anemia, and fluid overload are an important substrate for the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Objective: To assess the relationship between pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) on echocardiogram and the duration and type of renal replacement therapy (RRT) in patients with CKD. Method: A retrospective observational study at Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Médico Nacional La Raza. The analysis was performed using measures of central tendency and dispersion. Chi square was used to compare percentages through the SPSS 25 statistical program. Results: A total of 141 patients with CKD on RRT with peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis were included. They were classified according to PASP as normal (30 patients, 21.28%), mild (43 patients, 30.5%), moderate (16 patients, 12%) and severe (52 patients, 36.88%). The duration of RRT is related to a higher PASP, with 3.53 years for a normal PASP, 5.51 years for mild PASP, 6.00 years for moderate PASP, and 6.38 for those with severe PASP. Severe PASP occurred in 13 of 56 patients on peritoneal dialysis and 39 of 85 patients on hemodialysis (p = 0.034). Conclusions: This study found a relationship between PASP and the duration and type of renal replacement in patients with CKD.

Abstract The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the quality of piquín pepper seed through the accelerated aging test in piquín pepper (Capsicum annuum var. Aviculare) collections from the state of Querétaro and Guanajuato. The collections were made in four locations El Patol, El Cuervo and Higuerillas of the municipality of Queretaro and El Tanque of the municipality of Xichu. The vigor of the seed was obtained by the accelerated aging test which consisted of submitting the seeds 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 h at a temperature of 42 °C and 100% relative humidity, after this period, the seeds are subjected to a normal germination test at 7, 14 and 21 days. The results in the analysis of variance expressed significant effect in genotypes, being the best time for the count performed at 7 days and at 24 h. At 14 days the best times for the witness were zero, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. On the other hand, the quality of the seed was registered, which presented significant differences for dry stem weight, the highest values were for El Tanque and El Patol. In dry weight of root, weight of one hundred seeds and speed of emergency stand out the collections from El Tanque, El Patol and El Cuervo. Higuerillas presented lower values in the characters indicated above, a difference that could be attributed to environmental conditions.

Resumen El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar la calidad de semilla de chile piquín a través de la prueba de envejecimiento acelerado en colectas de chile piquín (Capsicum annuum var. Aviculare) del estado de Querétaro y Guanajuato. Las colectas se realizaron en cuatro localidades El Patol, El Cuervo e Higuerillas del municipio de Querétaro y El Tanque del municipio de Xichú. El vigor de la semilla se obtuvo mediante la prueba de envejecimiento acelerado que consistió en someter las semillas 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 y 144 h a una temperatura de 42 °C y 100% de humedad relativa, después de este periodo, las semillas se someten a una prueba normal de germinación a los 7, 14 y 21 días. Los resultados en el análisis de varianza expresaron efecto significativo en genotipos, siendo el mejor tiempo para el conteo realizado a los 7 días y a las 24 h. A los 14 días los mejores tiempos fue para el testigo las cero, 24 h, 48 h y 72 h. Por otro lado, se registró la calidad de la semilla, las cuales presentaron diferencias significativas para peso seco de vástago, los valores más altos fueron para El Tanque y El Patol. En peso seco de raíz, peso de cien semillas y velocidad de emergencia destacan las colectas provenientes de El Tanque, El Patol y El Cuervo. Higuerillas presentó valores más bajos en los caracteres antes indicados, diferencia que podría atribuirse a las condiciones ambientales.

Resumen Objetivo: Validar, en un contexto colombiano, el contenido de la primera cartilla del programa “Niñ@s en Movimiento” (diseñada en España), dirigida a padres o cuidadores, y a los niños que padecen sobrepeso u obesidad, disponible en internet con acceso libre. Metodología: Investigación cualitativa. Tras el proceso de selección, participaron 14 niños con sobrepeso y sus padres o cuidadores, del Colegio Básico “Camino de Paz” de Medellín. Para la clasificación de los datos antropométricos se utilizó el programa de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Para la validación de la cartilla se elaboró una guía de preguntas y se realizaron grupos focales; se usaron los criterios de atractividad, entendimiento, identificación, aceptación e inducción a la acción. Los datos se analizaron mediante el software spss® versión 21.0, y un protocolo de análisis de datos. Resultados: En la sección “La importancia del desayuno”, del material educativo, algunos padres o cuidadores manifestaron que es necesario indicar la forma adecuada para preparar los alimentos, en qué condiciones y qué cantidad deben servirles a sus hijos, lo cual no es claro en la cartilla. Respecto a los niños, en las secciones “Mis desayunos” y “Clasificación de los alimentos” se encontró que las palabras técnicas dificultan la comprensión; además, al hablar de la clasificación de alimentos, algunos no los han visto ni consumido. En la evaluación de los criterios por parte del padre o cuidador, el entendimiento fue mal calificado, porque no son claros algunos términos; los niños también calificaron negativamente este criterio, por la dificultad para entender vocabulario desconocido debido a su contexto extranjero. Conclusiones: El desayuno, aunque es un hábito establecido, puede mejorar; sin embargo, las orientaciones de la cartilla tendrían que adaptarse al lenguaje y a la cultura alimentaria local, para que las recomendaciones mejoren la aplicabilidad de este recurso educativo.

Abstract Objective: To validate the content of the first booklet “Niñ@s en Movimiento” (designed in Spain), in the Colombian setting, targeting parents or caretakers, and overweight or obese children, which is available free online. Methodology: Qualitative research. After a selection process, 14 overweight children and their parents or caretakers were selected to participate. The children were students at the Colegio Básico “Camino de Paz" School in Medellin. To classify anthropometric data, the study used the World Health Organization program. To validate the booklet, a question guideline was drawn up and focus groups were held. The criteria used included attraction, comprehension, identification, acceptance and induction to action. Data were analyzed using the SPSS® software Version 21.0, and a data analysis protocol. Results: In the section “the importance of breakfast”, in the educational material, some parents or caretakers stated that it is necessary to indicate an adequate way to prepare food, how to serve it and the amounts that they should their children, which is not clear in the booklet. Regarding the children, in the sections “my breakfasts” and “food classification”, there were technical words that complicated comprehension. Furthermore, when talking about food classification, there are foods they have not seen nor eaten. In the parent or caretaker criteria evaluation, comprehension was poorly scored, as some of the terms were not clear. The children also ranked negatively this criterion. Vocabulary was difficult to understand because it had a foreign context. Conclusions: Breakfast, although an established habit, can improve; nevertheless, the guidelines of the booklet would have to be adapted to local language and food culture so that these recommendations may improve the applicability of this educational resource.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar, num âmbito colombiano, o conteúdo da primeira apostilha do programa “Menin@s em Movimento” (desenhada na Espanha), voltada aos pães ou cuidadores, e aos meninos que padecem sobrepeso ou obesidade, disponível na internet com ingresso libre. Metodologia: Investigação qualitativa. Trás o processo de escolha, participaram 14 meninos com sobrepeso e os seus pães ou cuidadores, da Escola Básica “Caminho de Paz” do Medellín. Para a classificação dos dados antropométricos se utilizou o programa da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Para a avaliação da apostilha se elaborou uma guia de perguntas e se realizaram grupos focais; se usaram os critérios de atratividade, entendimento, identificação, aceitação e indução pra ação. Os dados se analisaram mediante o software SPSS® versão 21.0, e um protocolo de análises de dados. Resultantes: Na seção “A importância do dejejum”, do material educativo, alguns pães ou cuidadores manifestaram que é quesito indicar o jeito mais pertinente na preparação dos alimentos, em que condições e qual quantidade devem servir-lhes aos seus filhos, o qual não apresenta clareza na cartilha. Aludindo aos meninos, nas secções “Meus cafés da manhã” e “Classificação dos alimentos” se encontrou que as expressões técnicas dificultam a compreensão; além disso, ao mencionar a classificação dos alimentos, alguns nem os conhecem nem consumiram jamais. Na avaliação dos critérios por parte do pai ou cuidador, ou entendimento foi mal qualificado, porque não são simples alguns termos; os meninos também qualificaram negativamente este critério, pela dificuldade para compreender glossário desconhecido devido ao seu contexto estrangeiro. Conclusões: O dejejum, ainda que é um hábito estabelecido, pode melhorar; contudo, as dicas do caderno teriam que se customizar com a linguajem e as tradições alimentares locais, para que as recomendações melhorem a aplicabilidade de este recurso educativo.

Abstract: The aim of this work was to determine if soil salinity in uences the species composition of trees and shrubs in home gardens on the coast of the state of Tabasco, Mexico, and if the tolerance to salinity varies among the three most common species in the area. We determined the frequency and abundance of the tree and shrub species in 19 home gardens, as well as the electrical conductivity (EC) of the soil. In a nursery we subjected plants of the three most common species, namely soursop (Annona muricata L.), mango (Mangifera indica L.) and bitter orange (Citrus aurantium L.), to EC 124, 1 084, 2 143, 4 031 and 7 631 μS cm-1 in irrigation water, and afterwards plant height and root, stem and leaf biomass were determined. We calculated the EC that reduces biomass by 50% (EC50), and the stress tolerance index (ST-Index). The species composition in the eld changed with soil salinity. The EC50 in soursop, mango and sour orange was 9 580, 10 220 and 17 430 μS cm-1, and the ST-Index was 16 810, 9 300 and 8 830 μS cm-1. Salinity in uences species composition, and the most common species showed di erent tolerance to stress, so the species composition in home gardens will change as soil salinity increases through the impact of climate change in the region.

Resumen: El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo determinar si la salinidad del suelo incide en la composición de especies arbóreas y arbustivas en los huertos familiares de la costa del estado de Tabasco, México, y si la tolerancia a la salinidad varía entre las tres especies más frecuentes en el área. Se determinó la frecuencia y abundancia de especies arbóreas y arbustivas en 19 huertos familiares, y se determinó la conductividad eléctrica (CE) del suelo. En vivero se sometieron plantas de guanábana (Annona muricata L.), mango (Mangifera indica L.) y naranja agria (Citrus aurantium L.) a CE de 124, 1 084, 2 143, 4 031 y 7 631 μS cm-1 en el agua de riego, para luego determinar la altura de las plantas y la biomasa de raíz, tallo y hojas. Se calculó la CE a la que se reduce la biomasa en 50 % (CE50) y el índice de tolerancia al estrés (ST-Index). La composición de especies en campo cambió con la salinidad de los suelos. La CE50 en guanábana, mango y naranja agria fueron de 9 580, 10 220 y 17 430 μS cm-1, y el ST-Index fue de 16 810, 9 300 y 8 830 μS cm-1. La salinidad influye en la composición de especies. Las especies más frecuentes di eren en tolerancia al estrés, por lo que su composición en los huertos familiares cambiará al aumentar la salinidad del suelo por el cambio climático en la región.

Objective: To explore the association of three polymorphisms of the serotonin receptor 1Dβ gene (HTR1B) in the etiology of eating disorders and their relationship with clinical characteristics. Methods: We analyzed the G861C, A-161T, and A1180G polymorphisms of the HTR1B gene through a family-based association test (FBAT) in 245 nuclear families. The sample was stratified into anorexia nervosa (AN) spectrum and bulimia nervosa (BN) spectrum. In addition, we performed a quantitative FBAT analysis of anxiety severity, depression severity, and Yale-Brown-Cornell Eating Disorders Scale (YBC-EDS) in the AN and BN-spectrum groups. Results: FBAT analysis of the A-161T polymorphism found preferential transmission of allele A-161 in the overall sample. This association was stronger when the sample was stratified by spectrums, showing transmission disequilibrium between the A-161 allele and BN spectrum (z = 2.871, p = 0.004). Quantitative trait analysis showed an association between severity of anxiety symptoms and the C861 allele in AN-spectrum participants (z = 2.871, p = 0.004). We found no associations on analysis of depression severity or preoccupation and ritual scores in AN or BN-spectrum participants. Conclusions: Our preliminary findings suggest a role of the HTR1B gene in susceptibility to development of BN subtypes. Furthermore, this gene might have an impact on the severity of anxiety in AN-spectrum patients.

Objective: Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric disorder, characterized by disturbed patterns of thought and affecting 0.3-2.0% of the world population. Previously, the multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) gene has been associated with schizophrenia in treatment response studies in psychotic patients. The aim of this study was to determine the association between MDR1 gene polymorphisms and clinical characteristics in patients with schizophrenia. Methods: Positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia were assessed with the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) and the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) in 158 Mexican patients with schizophrenia. Analyses of MDR1 gene polymorphisms were performed using TaqMan technology. A multivariate ANOVA was performed with MDR1 polymorphisms and gender as independent variables. Results: Males with the G/G genotype of MDR1 rs2032582 presented significantly higher levels of delusions (p = 0.02). When comparing female vs. male groups, the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.0003). Analyses of the MDR1 gene rs1045642 variant showed no significant differences. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that male carriers of the G allele of variant rs2032582 exhibit greater severity of delusions; however, these results should be taken as preliminary, and replication studies in other populations of different ethnic origins are required to confirm these findings.

Dry eye is a complex multifactorial disease of the tears and ocular surface that results in symptoms of discomfort, visual disturbance, and tear film instability with potential damage to the ocular surface. It is accompanied by increased osmolarity of the tear film and inflammation of the ocular surface. Inestability of the tear film may also cause an increased osmolarity of the tear film, thus triggering epithelial osmotic lesions and inflammation. The occurrence of such changes on the eye surface results in disturbances of homeostatic neurophysiologic mechanisms which further worsen the process and vicious pathophysiological cycles occur.

El ojo seco es una compleja enfermedad multifactorial de la película lagrimal y de la superficie ocular caracterizada por síntomas de desconforto, alteraciones de la visión e inestabilidad del film lagrimal que puede provocar daño potencial sobre la superficie ocular. La inestabilidad del film producirá aumentos en la osmolaridad de la película lagrimal, lo que desencadena a su vez lesiones osmóticas epiteliales e inflamación. Al producirse estos cambios sobre la superficie ocular, los mecanismos neurofisiológicos de homeostasis se verán alterados lo que complicará aún más el proceso, con la aparición de circuitos viciosos fisiopatológicos.

Neste artigo revisamos estudos sobre evolução e ecologia da família Calopterygidae. Os adultos são reconhecidos pelas asas pigmentadas e comportamento territorial. Três gêneros têm sido bem estudados: Hetaerina, Calopteryx e Mnais. As larvas desenvolvem-se em ambientes aquáticos e a seleção opera principalmente nesse período, resultando em indivíduos de grande massa muscular. Os adultos levam alguns dias para se tornarem sexualmente maduros e durante esse período alimentam-se extensivamente acumulando as reservas de gordura que consumirão para voar e produzir ovos. Entretanto, gregarinas parasitas podem consumim essas reservas. Os machos utilizam duas estratégias de acasalamento que podem ser determinadas geneticamente (Mnais) ou ambientalmente (Calopteryx e Hetaerina): territorialidade e não-territorialidade. No gênero Mnais as estratégias comportamentais parecem ser balanceadas de acordo com sua adaptabilidade ao longo do tempo. Os machos de Calopteryx, Mnais e Phaon realizam corte pré-cópula, comportamento ausente em Hetaerina. A pigmentação das asas dos machos parece sinalizar às fêmeas, durante a corte, algum nível de resistência imunológica a parasitas. Durante a cópula os machos retiram o esperma armazenado em cópulas anteriores pelas fêmeas. Há grande variação na habilidade e nos tipos de mecanismos para a retirada do esperma, assim como na morfologia genital de ambos sexos. Tal variação pode resultar de co-evolução entre os sexos direcionada a controlar o esperma armazenado. Após a cópula os machos defendem as fêmeas evitando que elas copulem com outros machos. Nessa revisão sugerimos aspectos a serem estudados nessa família.

We review the studies of evolution and ecology in the Calopterygidae. Adults are easily distinguished for their pigmented wings and territorial behaviour. Three genera have been well studied: Hetaerina, Calopteryx and Mnais. Larvae develop in riverine aquatic environments. Selection operates at this stage to produce large muscle mass for adults. The adult spends some days until sexually ready. During this time, it feeds extensively to produce muscle fat for egg production and flight. However, gregarine parasites may ingest the fat reserves. Males may use two mating tactics or strategies that may be genetically (Mnais) or environmentally (Calopteryx and Hetaerina) determined: territoriality and nonterritoriality. In Mnais, these strategies appear balanced in fitness terms. Males of Calopteryx, Mnais and Phaon show a precopulatory courtship that is not the case for Hetaerina. Male wing pigmentation seems to signal how good the male is to deal immunologically with parasites to females during the male courtship. During copulation, males displace the sperm the female has stored in the storage organs from previous matings. There is an enormous variation in male sperm displacement mechanisms and ability, and in genitalic morphology in both sexes. This variation possibly results from a coevolutionary game between the sexes to control stored sperm. After copulation, males guard females apparently to avoid that other males take the female in copulation. Our review suggests sources for research in this family.

Los puentes miocárdicos están constituidos por haces de fibras musculares que recubren un trayecto variable de una arteria coronaria epicárdica, cursando en muchos casos de manera asintomático u originan síntomas debido a síndromes isquémicos coronarios agudos. Su diagnóstico se realiza in-vivo por estudio angiográfico, al comprobarse una compresión sistólica de una arteria coronaria que desaparece durante la sistole, fenómeno denominado de Milking u "ordeñamiento". Se presenta un caso de Puente Miocárdico con fenómeno de ordeñamiento, que ingresó al Servicio de Cardiología del Hospital Dr. Tony Facio Castro de Limón, con diagnóstico de síndrome coronario agudo. Dada la evolución tan variada desde el punto de vista electrocardiográfico, se refirió a coronariografía urgente al Hospital Nacional de Referencia Dr. Rafael A. Calderón Guardia en San José, encontrándose datos angiográficos de puente miocárdico con obstrucción dinámica en sístole (fenómeno de ordeñamiento) de la arteria descendente anterior como causa del síndrome isquémico Agudo. Se considera que dicha patología debe tenerse en cuenta en los síndromes coronarios agudos, sobretodo cuando sus manifestaciones electrocardiográficas son muy variantes como en el presente caso, resaltando la importancia de la coronariografía selectiva bilateral para su diagnóstico y tratamiento.

Myocardial bridges are actually bundles of muscle fibers that cover the path of an epicardial coronary artery for a variable length. Having the patient no symptoms or presenting with an acute coronary syndrome. A coronary angiogram will demonstrate systolic compression of an epicardial artery, which disappears during diastole. This is commonly named "milking phenomenon". We hereby present the case of a male with an acute coronary syndrome who was first seen at the Tony Facio Hospital in Limon. Given his variable EKG changes he was referred to the Calderon Guardia Hospital for coronary angiogram. This exam did show dynamic systolic compression of the left anterior descending coronary artery as a cause of his angina. We believe that this entity should be kept in mind particularly in patients with an acute presentation and variable electrocardiographic findings. A coronary angiogram is of paramount importance to make the diagnosis to establish an adequate treatment.